Monday, September 30, 2019

Koko the Gorrilla

Jocelyn bolanos Anthropology 118 22 October 2012 Koko the Gorrilla Koko is an extraordinary gorilla that is able to communicate to humans by the use of American Sign Language. Although there may be many linguists who discredit this notion, AOl chat was able to provide transcripts between penny, who is Koko’s translator, and Koko the gorilla through the use of American Sign Language The transcripts provide evidence of gestures, behaviors, and thoughts that Koko does through her conversation with penny.To begin with, Koko’s symbolic behavior lacks compared to that of penny and AOL behaviors, but let us take into consideration that we, as humans have developed language as part of culture for several centuries and as for Koko the gorilla she has only been train for only a couple of years, I suspect. Through out the transcript Koko shows gestures and behaviors that to many would believe can symbolize her way of understanding and comprehending rationalized ideas. For example, when penny asked Koko if she believed people loved her, Koko responded by saying, â€Å"Love no. (headshake). This simple yet sophisticated answer can provide evidence that Koko is able to communicate with humans even if the form of the sentence is not correct the way people would assume it to be. However, because Koko has her own grammar system of rules it allows for the combination of those words into meaningful sentences. This could also be seen in human language, if the sentence formatting was wrong we would still be able to decipher what the message is trying to saying. Another example that can be seen of a symbolic behavior of language is when Koko says, â€Å" people apple give me. Penny recognizes the signs that Koko gives, therefore both have an understanding for each other’s sign even if the sign are arbitrary. Furthermore, I would consider Koko a speaker of language. A language is the capacity of acquiring and using complex systems of communication. All language s rely on the process of semiosis to relate sign to particular meanings. There are many examples in the transcript that show Koko relying on language as a way to convey a message. For example, when Koko says, Browse for there hurry,† Koko is relying conveying an action to relate to a sign which is food to convey a eaning, which is for penny to hurry up and give her food. Human language is thought to convey of two parts; one is lexicon and second is grammar. Koko is able to communicate with her translator penny with her own lexicon, which would be 1000 words of sign language and who also understand over 2000 words of spoken English. Koko is able to convey her thoughts into sign that penny is able to understand. For example, when Koko says, â€Å" mouth give me. † Koko uses sign to communicate with penny, telling her to give her food.Because linguistic signs are arbitrary, Penny and Koko both had to have an understanding with each other, they both had to agree to assign a valuable meaning on that specific sign. Language separates us from others and because we cannot determine whether animals have â€Å"thought,† many people can say that penny is interpreting small gestures and actions into a series language that many not actually be within Koko’s intellectual capacity. I still believe that Koko is a speaker because language is a natural organism, that grows and evolves in accordance with fixed laws and not determinable by the will of humans.Since Koko is able to form her own sentence using her lexicon, I would consider her to a speaker of language. Language is not a function of the speaker, but it is passively assimilated, that too could mean the same to for Koko. In addition, I believe that these transcripts do not provide sufficient evidence to decide whether Koko is a speaker of language or not. Although I believe Koko is understandable of human language there are further question to address. Koko could just be one in a million chan ce that is able to comprehend human language or it could all be sign and actions misinterpreted into a so called language.To further conclude that this is not the case, I would need to have more information on other cases of gorillas that can also speak in American Sign Language. His could further prove that Koko is just not an extraordinary case but it is seen in other gorillas. I would also like more information on Koko’s life and if she chosen for any specific reasons as for learning Sign Language. Did she show more intellectual capacities than other gorillas? I would also like to know if Koko only uses American Sign Language as the only form of communication with others or does she resort to her natural way of communication with humans and other gorillas.I would also like to know the process of teaching her American Sign Language and how she interacted back in the process of learning. This information could give me a clear understanding for the reasons why she was she and give me evidence that she was actually thought something and was not misguided or misinterpreted into something that it truly was not. In conclusion, Koko is a very special gorilla that I believe is a speaker of language because she is able to understand and comprehend rational ideas.Language is always changing, words are always being added, Koko has her own language that is understood through her translator Penny, she is not only able to communicate but one is led to believe she is capable of rationalize thoughts and comprehension of sign language. Although her ideas may not be clear she has an understanding of the human language that is clear enough for the human to interpret what it is she is trying to say. Koko has her own lexicon and grammar to which in turn provides a meaningful sentence that not only she can understand but to Penny as well.

Sunday, September 29, 2019

Language and Identity

There is no doubt that language plays a very important role in human identity, and linguistic factors and semantics denote how exactly an individual is able to communicate using his chosen language. As a matter of fact, today social scientists are intent on analyzing linguistic data, so that they may be able to study human behavior without the accompanying attitudes that are expressed in communication and in identity. Today the approach is interactional, and this must be compared to the systematic investigation and analysis of the speech of groups of individuals that began in the early nineteenth century, at which time the interest was on the organized language of the Enlightenment period. Take for example the studies that Jan-Petter Blom and John J Gumperz carried out on the meaning of linguistic choice and the sociolinguistic approach to a problem in language. These studies used both ethnography and linguistics, and more particularly, the values that are expressed in an individual’s speech genre, especially in relation to the self pride and identity that he reveals through his language when the occasion is an informal one. A second part of the study focused on the ‘rules of alternation’ that form a major part of the linguistic range used by a particular community. Both Blom and Gumperz brought in the concepts of ‘setting, situation and event’, all of which are considered to be various stages one passes through while enacting personal strategies, and in this context, a differentiation is made between the concepts of ‘situational switching’ wherein alternations between different situations would signify a change in the situation, and ‘metaphorical switching’ explained by alternations that serve to enrich a particular situation, and make way to allow more than one single social relationship within the situation. Bernstein (1961) has stated in his studies of the problems of language, society and identity that almost invariably, social relationships act as variables between linguistic structures and the manner in which they are realized when a person speaks. Upon testing the theory, it was found that the speaker’s choice of semantically, grammatically and phonologically possible alternatives in his speech showed that the speech was patterned and predictable because they seemed to be based on certain invariable features of the local social system, thereby revealing the link between language and identity. In Hemnesberget, Norway, most residents are native speakers of the language ‘Ranamal’, a dialect of Northern Norway that corresponded to cultural divisions within the state. In Hemnesberget, a native speaker displays great pride in his dialect, especially because his speech would be taken as being an integral part of his family background, and by speaking the dialect the speaker would symbolize pride in his community, as well as reveal the distinctness and the specialty of the language and what it has contributed to society in general. The speaker would also try his best to show off his locality in the best possible manner when he speaks. This can be taken to mean that dialect as such can constitute a distinct linguistic identity for the individual who uses it. It must be stated here that the usage of the local dialect would reflect local values. It would also signify those relationships between people that are based on a shared love and identification with the local culture. It also signifies and explains the fact that people who belong to the same community or group would automatically try to build up a sense of identification with each other through their use of language, and this would be achieved through greetings, exchanges of personal information, and even through their informal posture towards their fellows.. In this manner, the people belonging to this group would distinguish themselves from another, and in this particular example, the people of Hemnesberget stood apart from their neighboring settlement Mo I Rana in their use of the local dialect. A refusal to speak the local dialect for any reason whatsoever by the locals would be taken as a great insult and the individual would be ostracized for his action and condemned for his pursuit of a social distance from the fellow members of their community. An experiment was conducted to test whether the assumption that one would share his local identity, by using the local dialect during conversations with his friends and neighbors belonging to the same community was correct. For this purpose, two gatherings were arranged by the locals and for the locals, and their conversations were recorded. It was found that the assumption was perfectly correct; not only did the participants perform ‘switches’ but they also showed a strong sense of self identity with the dialect that they used. However, does this mean that only when one uses the dialect, one is considered a part of the local community? What if he had been brought up elsewhere and was not aware of the intricacies of his own local dialect? There are some of the questions that are raised during the reading of the piece. In conclusion it can be stated that in interactional sociolinguistics, one cannot simply assume that language and society constitute two different realities, and the language that one uses is based on his self identity and self value. (Gumperz J John, Blom Jan-Petter) Works Cited Jumperz J John, Hymes, Dell, â€Å"The Ethnography of Communication† Directions in Sociolinguistics, February 29, 2008      

Saturday, September 28, 2019

The legend of bagger vance Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The legend of bagger vance - Essay Example Bagger Vance as the title of the film suggests represents hope. He serves as though he is the character portraying God as the source of light in the darkest of times. He was there to guide Junuh and to help him find his swing. But he will not always be there. There will come a time when his work is done and just like Junuh, he had to see to the end to the game by himself and take to heart all he had learned. He was no longer necessary and unlike what Junuh at first thought as he was reluctant to let him go, time comes when that hand that helps and the voice that guides must be let go. The story was set in an appropriate time in the history of the South and as it was based on a true, it merely made the film even more interesting. It was after the war and everyone was down on their luck with the Great Depression. Rannulph Junuh, who had been the most promising golfer from the South cannot get on his feet and was on a drinking and gambling spree each night. Adele Invergordon, the daughter of who once was the wealthiest man in town had to deal with the grief of her father’s lost and the load of debt she had inherited. This was when she concocted the thought of inviting the two best players in the country to play in an invitation match to help boost the ailing business she had taken over. Junuh was unenthusiastically thrown into the match thinking it would be as easy as years before. Everyone was coping with one thing or another and it was only through the little boy Hardy Greaves, with all his innocence and passion that they realize what they have been missing by wallowing in misery. The truth of the matter is change is not the only constant thing in the world, problems also form part of life. It may not always be there and it may not always be the same level for everyone but just about everybody has problems. There are

Friday, September 27, 2019

A critical review of the literature on the nursing management of type

A critical of the on the nursing management of type 2 adult diabetec patients - Literature review Example This research paper will aim to review the literature on the use of nursing interventions to improve compliance It is argued that for the better management of diabetes and for the eradication of non-compliance behaviour, effective nursing intervention can be resourceful. A literature review was therefore conducted on the compliance of patients with diabetes type 2 and the role of nursing interventions in improving compliance. The databases searched were CINAHL, British Nursing Index, ASSIA and The Cochrane Library. The results showed three main themes which have been discussed in the paper. The themes have been analyzed in the context of the research topic and implications for clinical practice have been highlighted. The studies are both qualitative as well as quantitative and have used several study designs such as randomized control trials, reviews, systematic literature review and correlational studies. The nursing-led interventions have not been studied taking a large sample and the study designs are at times not very reliable. This necessitates more researches to be done to reinforce the results of the previous studies. On a general note, the studies have suggested that nursing interventions aimed at providing more education, awareness and advice to the patients have positive effects on encouraging self-care and increasing compliance to control regimes. More researches need to be done on larger samples so that the results can be generalized to the entire population. The study helps to identify that implications for health care professionals from various departments exist; interprofessional team work from nurses, general practitioners, volunteers and social workers can collectively be focused on the better implementation of interventions and empowering diabetic patients. Keywords: â€Å"compliance†, â€Å"diabetes type 2†, â€Å"nursing interventions† 1. Introduction Diabetes is taken from the Greek verb diabainein, meaning to stand wit h the legs open as one does in urination. Diabetes is a fast-growing disease and is characteristic of polyruria. There are two main types of diabetes i.e. diabetes mellitus and diabetes insipidus. Diabetes mellitus is related to the hyperglycemia or intolerance to glucose in contrast to diabetes insipidus which occurs because of the lack of production of anti-diuretic hormone. Type 2 diabetes is a subclass of diabetes mellitus with typical symptoms of hyperglycemia due to insulin resistance and/or insulin deficiency (King & Brucker 2009). It is noted that obesity and diabetes type 2 have a strong correlation. According to Joslin and Kahn (2005) obesity worsens the insulin resistance and patients with diabetes type 2 develop an increased risk for a range of diseases such as macrovascular and microvascular problems. This paper aims to highlight nursing management practices with respect to the care of patients with type 2 diabetes. Nursing management entails the â€Å"use of personnel , supplies, equipment, clinical knowledge, and skills to give nursing care to clients within varying environments† (Roussel & Swansburg 2006). Nursing management brings together a number of principles such as planning, effective use of time, decision-making, formulation of goals, organization, leadership and working as knowledge workers. Type 2 diabetes is the most common form of diabetes and patients typically have a large store of abdominal fat (Plotnick & Henderson 1998). Diabetes is growing rapidly in the UK with more than 2.6 million people diagnosed with the condition in 2009. It was also documented that in 2009, there were a further 0.5 million people who had type 2 diabetes but were not aware of it (Diabetes UK 2009). There are several treatment options available to patients, of which weight reduction and administration of oral agents are proven to be effective. Aschenbrenner and Venable (2008) assert

Thursday, September 26, 2019

Madoffs Ponzi Scheme Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Madoffs Ponzi Scheme - Essay Example Still it took a long time to assess for the authorities to verify that it was a Ponzi scheme. It was one of the most cold-blooded, deliberately devised and implemented Ponzi scheme. This fraud had serious impact on people’s view about investment. All investors start viewing investment firms and charities with a lot of suspicion and firms faced a considerable fall in business. The only positive element was the fact that it acted as an eye-opener for both the authorities and the public. While public became aware about the need to be careful about the promises of unbelievably high returns, the authorities too understood the need for new statutes to prevent such frauds. Madoff’s intentions still remain a mystery It still remains a mystery why such a prominent figure who was well aware about the movements in the market and also about the implications of such a Ponzi scheme decided to implement such a devilish idea that caused irrevocable loss to many people. It is yet to be resolved as to why he went on paying the withdrawals if he wanted to cheat the investors. In addition, Madoff tried to hold back the firm’s imminent fall ten days before his arrest by receiving a huge sum of 250 million dollar from a close friend (Frank and Efrati). It seems closer to insanity that he admitted that his scheme was a Ponzi scheme and that he did not invest any money as had promised. However, it seems a calculated move that he managed to keep all his family members away from legal complexities by taking the responsibility of the fraud all to himself. One has to assume that seeing his irrational behavior, all other members managed to secure their position by avoiding any position in the company that involved the responsibility of money management. However, a man who could con the authorities and auditors for nearly two decades could easily devise a better plan than this Ponzi scheme if he wanted to. Thus, it still is to be ascertained as to why he chose a Ponzi s cheme, the outcome of which he knew pretty well. The best assumption possible is that his extreme wizardry might have turned him insane. I. What are the ethical issues involved in Madoff case? One has to admit the fact that the Madoff’s system was unethical in nature from head to toe as the scheme was a Ponzi scheme. While attracting the investors, Madoff was well aware of the imminent failure of the scheme. All financial experts and even common investors are well aware of the fact that Ponzi scheme always fail due to its own weight as such schemes require an ever-increasing flow of money to pay the retiring and withdrawing clients. Once the inflow of fund diminishes, the system collapses. 1) Misusing the office of trust The first element of unethical practice is in Madoff’s misusing his position of repute in the society. He was an educated and experienced person in a position of trust, respectability, responsibility and trust. The aura of authority he created in this field is evident from the list of his clients including influential people, big organizations and even banks. Some of them were The Fairfield Greenwich Group, Tremont Group Holdings and Westport National Bank. All his investors gave him money on the belief that there were many checks and balances to make his investment plan legitimate.  

Wednesday, September 25, 2019

Voices for Abraham Lincolns Assassination Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Voices for Abraham Lincolns Assassination - Essay Example For Walt Whitman, he wrote an intensely emotionally driven poem entitled, O Captain! My Captain! which passionately expresses the author’s grief for the death of his captain, President Lincoln. Similarly, Frederick Douglass wrote a speech entitled Oration in Memory of Abraham Lincoln, which he delivered at the unveiling of the Freedmen’s Monument in Washington D.C. in memory of the deceased president on the 14th of April, 1876. The theme of his speech, like that of the article published in Harper’s Weekly, entitled The Murder of the President shared the same air of intense sorrow for the loss of a dear friend and father of the nation. The greatness and advocacy of the president were immortalized in the three written pieces, with the discussion not only of his convictions but also the actions he took to convey his seriousness in such matters. With a similar theme, the poem, speech, and report had stirred the emotions not only of American readers during that time b ut also both Americans and foreigners alike in this present age. The poem by Whitman strongly expresses the poet’s unbelief of the untimely death of the president who is nearing the witnessing of his victory in his fight for his beliefs. Douglass, on the other hand, appeals to the emotions of the white Americans to the remembrance of the man who fought for their rights and protected them in all his services as the president. He did this by talking about the passions of the late president and his dreams for the American people.  

Tuesday, September 24, 2019

Project Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 4

Project - Assignment Example The Agile method was developed to provide solutions to the shortcomings of the waterfall methodology. It gives a project an incremental approach as opposed to a sequential one (Measey and Berridge, 39). Developers begin with a simplified design for the project and then proceed to work on the small modules. Developers work on these modules either in weekly sprints or in monthly sprints. When each sprint ends, the developers evaluate the priorities of the project and run tests. The option to work in sprints gives developers the ability to incorporate feedback from the customer into the project’s design before they begin another sprint. The Agile methodology can be applied in our individual project because it is flexible and allows for changes in the design after the completion of the initial plans. With this method, we can also incorporate additional features by introducing new technology into the project (Measey and Berridge, 44). Agile also allows for thorough testing of the

Monday, September 23, 2019

Understanding organizations Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Understanding organizations - Essay Example Understanding an organization involve thorough understanding of organizational structures and behavior of its human resources as an individual and as various groups. Studying an organization is a complex process. Various ways of evaluating behavior of an organization have developed over time. This document deals with the different thinking processes used to define direction of an organization and its leadership. It compares and analyzes ways of thinking about organizations and the ways organizations are managed.Perceiving the nature and types of organization; power, interest groups and control; job design and teamwork; individual motivation; organizational culture is always a tricky job.Various approaches towards understanding organizations may be seen as different paradigms of thinking. According to Khn a paradigm is the set of values, or principles, that we use when we think.Classical paradigm is also known as rationalistic paradigm. According to Heijden's explanation of classical paradigm in this way of thinking "the organizational self-perception dictates that the organization is a rather stable entity engaged in a mechanistic relationship with the surrounding environment. This self-perception is not ignorant of change, but it is conceptualized as moving from one stable phase to another and this movement can be initiated through certain, focused actions within the organization" Classical approach towards understanding an organization assumes diagnosis as a primary objective in a rational change of organization. This approach is more objective. Changes within an organization are considered in quasi-stationary equilibrium state for the purpose of classical analysis. Classical paradigm relies on the method of self questioning. Various questions such as in which strategic direction organization is moving, how developed the organization culture is, how should it be and how it could be planned to develop culture in a satisfactory rhythm are raised to evaluate the organizations and strength of their leaders. There are some basic problems with classical approach. First is that, type of questionnaire gives an impression of static nature of an organization ignoring the dynamic nature and emergent scenarios that originations are facing today. This is a sensitive issue as nature of human resources is always core of an organization. Second difficulty is that answers of these questionnaires are derived generally by analysis of associated numbers and statistics which gives a sense of vogue. They seem far from reality as organization's culture can not be treated just like profit and losses. The third problem is that the questionnaire is aimed within the organization whereas the organizational changes can be engineered from outside of the organization also. Classical paradigm thus is effective to analyze only mechanical metaphor of organization. Classical paradigm is always paralyzed because of its rational world view. This paradigm clearly defines the goals of organization without much caring about the execution of plans. It does not emphasize much on outcome maximizing behaviors of organizations and its resources. Classical thinking process is centered on the board room of organization without much caring about business' ground reality. In this case a single entity determines the success or failure of strategy. Processual Paradigm Processual paradigm is also referred as scenario planning paradigm. This approach towards understanding organization is based on the probability theory. Organizations are evaluated according to fact available from their previous performances. Different patterns of organizational performance are the basic of future performance analysis. Processual paradigms can be applied to the phases of linear changes or stable periods ut this probabilistic approach has some basic inherent difficulties as there is no guarantee that the past facts will reflect on future performance

Sunday, September 22, 2019

Total Quality Management and Its Aspects Assignment

Total Quality Management and Its Aspects - Assignment Example The paper tells that TQM is the name of a planned approach that is intended to implant necessity of quality in all organizational processes from the core management systems that are focused on achieving various goals and objectives in addition to ensuring customers’ satisfaction to the supplier relationships and motivation needed to maintain rapport between the members of an organization. The bedrock of TQM is based on reducing different errors happening during the production process that is capable of tarnishing consumer’s satisfaction. Basically, it illuminates the way to make the idea of customer-defined quality possible, so that the other competitors in the market cannot take advantage of the poor quality. Introducing the concept of quality is not the effort of just one person but, its concept began to form when the competition in the business world became quite fierce and each organization made quality its top priority, and that also gave quality a strategic meanin g, with the result that presently TQM is the concept that is broadly used to define quality. The process of TQM can work practically with effective results, only if everybody involved in maintaining the highest quality knows how TQM actually operates. The basic structural plan of TQM is organized by senior management generally and implemented by those who have to cope with the strategies involved in the production area like supervisors and employees. So, almost everybody in an organization at every level is involved in this process. Ensuring that everything is operating well is the core strategy involved in operating TQM intelligently. According to Chryanthou, TQM works well when everything is made to focus on customers’ needs and the type of quality preferred by them is tried to be achieved. Quality errors should be reduced so that the businesses make customers the center of attention. Agreeing on different plans, all of which focus on customers, is the main way TQM operates successfully. That is because the concept of quality, itself, is centered on truly meeting the expectations of customers. Considering this, it can be said that TQM is broadly a customer-focused concept that should be manipulated to handle the competition in the market.

Saturday, September 21, 2019

Electric Cars Essay Example for Free

Electric Cars Essay Are electric cars a more sustainable method of transport than diesel or petrol powered cars? In this Case Study, I explored whether electric cars are as eco-friendly as they claim to be, providing a sustainable method of transport that could significantly reduce our carbon footprints if we all ditched the convectional vehicles, and changed to electric cars. I found many arguments both for and against electric cars. Electric cars are powered by an electric motor which draws its power from an on-board battery pack which acts as an energy store for the car. Energy is measured in joules. A joule is a very small amount of energy so a domestic electricity metre measures the energy in kilowatt hours. Stoical Energy Transferred = Power x Time (Joules, J) (Watts, W) (Seconds, S) (Kilowatt hours kWh) (Kilowatts, kW) (Hours, H) Source; GCSE Core Science revision guide (Information collected from GCSE Science revision guide 13:26hours) Batteries are charged by simply connecting the vehicle to a mains power supply, and are usually need to be charged overnight (or 7-8 hours) for a full charge. Electricity is a secondary source of energy. This means that the electricity is generated elsewhere from another energy source, in the case of an electric car, the primary source (where the electricity first comes from) is from coal powered power stations. Some people believe that coal powered stations, release the same if not more emission of harmful gas into the atmosphere. Conversely, others feel that they do not pollute, and save money, whilst reducing the Carbon Footprint, that would otherwise be increasing if a petrol or diesel powered vehicle was used. Fors Electric cars produce no CO? emissions when they are running, and neither do they emit nitrous oxide or produce other harmful particle emissions either. Regular fossil fuelled road transport accounts for around one fifth of all global greenhouse gas emission. Emissions from the combustion of a diesel or petrol powered engine, are carbon based fuels, which release, unpleasant and potentially dangerous fumes. Electric cars, on the other hand, do not produce any waste gases when on the move. In Europe, where electricity is produced in a number of different ways, electric cars do offer environmental benefits when compared with cars with internal combustion engines. Electric vehicles powered by the present European electricity mix, have been found to offer a 10% to 24% decrease in their global warming potential relative to conventional diesel or petrol vehicles. An electric car consumes energy, at a level far less than that of petrol or diesel powered cars. As well as this they are extremely cost effective. The purchase price of electric cars is significantly higher than that of diesel/petrol powered vehicles, but this is all outweighed when the cost of running the car is taken into consideration. Electric cars run longer, faster and more efficiently than convectional vehicles. Against Electric cars are only at â€Å"zero emission† if they get their power from a renewable source. Coal powered power factories, along with other sources used to provide for electricity for these electric cars do not provide this, as they tend to use non-renewable. Whenever fossil fuels, such as coal are burned they increase the amount of carbon dioxide (CO? ) in the atmosphere. Charging an electric car only uses 3% of renewable resources, the colossal amount of 97% comes from resources such as coal; which are non-renewable, a percentage that is not much better than a normal car. An option here is to use a green tariff for your electricity supply which will lower the carbon intensity of your electricity supply. Electric cars run off batteries made from metals such as lithium or zinc. These metals come from recycled batteries, other cars, forklifts or in some cases wheelchairs. However the actual production of these batteries, rely on demands of virgin materials. This consequently means that these batteries have a huge carbon footprint Another source I found, actually said that electric cars cause more pollution than diesel and petrol powered cars. The electricity generated to power electric cars caused more particulate matter pollution than that caused by an equivalent number of petrol driven vehicles. Particulate matter comes from the combustion of fossil fuels and includes acids, organic chemicals, metals, and soil or dust particles. For electric vehicles, combustion emissions occur where electricity is generated rather than where the vehicle is used. The power generated to power electric vehicles, emit harmful particles at a much higher rate than diesel and petrol vehicles do. In terms of air pollution impacts, they found, electric cars are more harmful to public health per kilometre travelled than conventional vehicles. A similar source was found, but this time written by BBC. They say that not only do electric cars pollute more than diesel and petrol powered cars, but they also pose an environmental threat. It has been discovered that electric car factories also emitted more toxic waste than conventional car factories. The production phase of electric vehicles proved substantially more environmentally intensive, and the global warming potential from electric vehicle production is about twice that of conventional vehicles. As well as this the use and the end-of-life dismantling of a car affects the environment far more than diesel/petrol-powered cars. In addition, producing batteries and electric motors requires a lot of toxic minerals such as nickel, copper and aluminium. Hence, the acidification impact is much greater than that of conventional car production. Similar information was also found on the Guardian Website, which is another source than is considered to be quality media, as reports are written by a recognised expert in the field. The batteries used to power electric cars are heavy, and this may affect the speed somewhat along with the distance that the car can travel. Battery costs vary, but they tend to be extremely expensive, costing around several thousand pounds, and the necessity to be replaced every 5 years, at best. The maximum range that the car will allow you to travel before it needs to be recharged is about 100 miles, and charging can take up 7 or 8 hours, before the battery is full and the car can run efficiently again. The charging can be done at charging stations, but the numbers of these are in their few, and far between. Disposing of the batteries can also cause real environmental issues and problems. Chemicals spilled from the battery may also be extremely dangerous.? The main primary energy source that is used by humans is through the burning of fossils fuels, such as oil, coal or gas. Nuclear fuels, biofuels, such as wood, waves and radiation from the sun (solar energy). To generate electricity, fuel is burned to produce heat. 1) The heat is used to boil water, which produces steam. 2) The steam drives the turbines, which power the generators 3) Electricity produced in the generators is sent to a transformer and then on to the National Grid. 4) Electricity is distributed, through the national grid at high voltages to prevent energy loss. Power stations that burn fossil fuels like coal produce carbon dioxide, which is a type a greenhouse gas, contribute to global warming and climate change. (Information collected from GCSE Revision guide 12/1/13 13:58hours) To conclude I feel that electric cars are not more sustainable than diesel or petrol powered cars. They are often more efficient to run, when things such as cost are taken into consideration, but the method that it used to produce the electricity that gives the cars the power they need, seems to release the same, if not more harmful emission into the atmosphere. This is mainly through the production of the electricity, and the burning of coal which releases Carbon Dioxide (CO? ) into the atmosphere. To conquer this problem, instead of the use of coal powered power stations, pedal power stations provide an eco-friendly alternative. However, greater power appliances will take more energy and electricity to power. Generating electricity is never 100% efficient. Continuous cycling will cause the cyclists bodies to become tired, and any energy stored from food or drink, only some is given off as energy to produce the electricity, the majority is given off as heat. Another method that could be used as an alternative, to ensure the amount of greenhouse gases emitted is kept minimal, is the use of renewable energy sources. Examples of renewable energy sources are; * Wind * Waves * Bio fuels (such as wood). * Solar power Travelling alone in a car uses more energy than public transport, which means the use of public transport can also provide a more effect, sustainable transport method than electric cars, and diesel or petrol powered vehicles. Transport | Energy per passenger/KM (Kwh/passenger )| Bus| 0. 19| Train| 0. 06| Aircraft| 0. 51| Boat | 0. 57| Car| 0. 6| Source – GCSE Physics book (Information retrieved 10/1/13 13:01hours) Sustainable Transport is sometimes known as Green Transport and it is any form of transport that does not use or rely on dwindling natural resources. Instead it relies on renewable or regenerated energy rather than fossil fuels that have a finite life expectancy. For this reason it is said to have a low or a negative effect on the environment since it makes use of energy sources that are sustainable. GCSE Physics book/Core Science Revision book – These are very reliable sources as they are school textbooks and are written by recognised experts in the field, to be used in schools, and other forms of education.

Friday, September 20, 2019

Modern Role of Chiefs in Community Development

Modern Role of Chiefs in Community Development THE ROLE OF TRADITIONAL AUTHORITIES IN THE DECENTRALISATION OF POLITICAL POWER. A STUDY OF THE AKUAPEM TRADITIONAL AREA IN THE EASTERN REGION OF GHANA. AN OUTLINE OF A THESIS Introduction Background to the study Traditional governance system, is an age-old method by which the Indigenous people administered their own affairs prior to and after the advent of the Europeans into the region of modern Ghana. This system of governance is led by leaders multifariously referred to in English as chiefs, traditional authorities, tradi ­tional rulers, monarchs, kings, nobles, aristocrats, and natural rulers in a variety of African and other context. Traditional system of governance varies considerably among the different peoples that occupied the region of modern Ghana. While some groups developed very complex hierarchical structures, others had simple kin-based structure. Several definitions of traditional societies rely on the distinction between pre-colonial colonial and post-colonial times. For example, the International Labour Organization (ILO) Convention no. 169 states that: â€Å"A people are considered indigenous either because they are descendants of those who lived in the area before colonization; or because they have maintained their own social, economic, cultural and political institutions since colonization and the establishment of new states. And according to the Martinà ©z Cobo Report to the UN Sub-Commission on the Prevention of Discrimination of Minorities (1986), indigenous peoples may be identified as follows: â€Å"Indigenous communities, peoples and nations are those which, having a historical continuity with pre-invasion and pre-colonial societies that developed on their territories, consider themselves distinct from other sectors of the societies now prevailing in those territories, or parts of them. They form at present non-dominant sectors of society and are determined to preserve, develop and transmit to future generations their ancestral territories, and their ethnic identity, as the basis of their continued existence as peoples, in accordance with their own cultural patterns, social institutions and legal systems.† The office of traditional Authorities has been transformed as it has performed various functions back from the pre-colonial era through the colonial period to the present. Before the colonial period, traditional rulers had considerable influence and exercised considerable sovereignty within their areas of jurisdiction with their authority in both spiritual and secular matters. During the colonial period, they became virtual sub-agents of the colonial government in the areas of local government and judicial matters. In this period, various legislations and statutes enacted by the colonial authority prescribed the traditional ruler’s political role. Decentralization is basically described as the practice of the administration in a state by which considerable autonomy is given to sub-political governmental bodies at the local level to take decisions and implement programmes and policies. In Ghana it is also known as the local government system or the district assembly concept. The idea behind this system is to get the local people to use local resources to develop their localities. The present local government system has three-tier structure comprising the Regional coordinating council, the District assemblies and the Area, Town and Village Councils or Unit committees. Although the local government system in Ghana dates back to the colonial era, precisely 1859 when the first Councilors for James Town, Accra were elected, the current system is only a few years old precisely 1988 when the PNDC L207 was passed. The 1992 fourth republican constitution of Ghana gives credence to the system under chapter 20 with the title Decentralization and Local Government. The local government act 462 of 1993 has replaced the Local government Law 207 0f 1988. The head of the local government institution is the Minister who is charged with the responsibility of overseeing the operations of the institution. Traditional authority also known as the chieftaincy institution has lived on in Ghanaian society and is still a vibrant force in many ways. However Since independence in 1957, there has been little, if any, effective participation of chiefs in decentralization in Ghana. Indeed, the relationship between chiefs and local government units has been ill-defined, even though the history of local government cannot be written without the institution of chieftaincy. Even though some people argue that chieftaincy and modern local government are incompatible, one should not lose sight of the fact that the deep cynicism of some Ghanaians about politicians and their promises have compelled them to find in traditional authorities something that is â€Å"reassuring rather precisely because of its ambivalent position in what has become the disturbing discourse of failing modernity† (Rathbone, 2000: 164). Traditional Authorities in some time past were involved in local government functions like local development under the Native Authority System during the colonial days. Similarly, during the post-colonial period, the role of traditional Authorities in local governance and development has not been questioned The Ghanaian Constitution recognizes and protects the office of traditional Authority, thus creating a parallel system of governance. In fact, the Constitution forbids the Parliament from making laws that interfere with the chieftaincy institution. Statement of the problem. The office of the traditional Authority has evolved right from the pre colonial period through the colonial era to the establishment of party politics within the region of modern Ghana. Indeed, in Ghana, the institution dates back several centuries and remains the prime custodian of Ghanaian culture. The institution is much revered and held in awe since it provides a renewed sense of belonging as well as being a Powerful agent of social cohesion and harmony. Traditional Authorities are expected to play Lead role in fighting for social, economic and political development of their people and perform arbitration and representational roles as well as have the potential to facilitate accountability to their people. Perhaps these roles have been summarized by the Asantehene, Otumfuo Osei Tutu II (2002). our predecessors engaged in inter-tribal wars, fighting for conquest over territories and people. Today, the war should be vigorous and intensive against dehumanization, poverty, marginalization, ignorance and disease†¦ Chieftaincy must be used to propel economic development through proper lands administration, through facilitating investments in our communities, and through codification and customs and traditions making it impossible for imposters to get enstooled and creating unnecessary situations for litigation. However modern democratic dispensations has restricted the role Traditional Authorities to acting Custodians of tradition and culture as well as the embodiment of the spirit of the ancestors and a link between them and the living Community. Ironically, democratic governance in Ghana, in all ramifications, draws its strength from the traditional governance structure and it is fair to say that national politics would not be this tolerant were it not for the effective and impartial handling of the people by Traditional Authorities, particularly when one considers the stabilizing role they play during national and local elections. Bothtraditionalists and modernistsoften see traditional authority and elected political leaders competing for power in the community. The struggle between the two for political power and legitimacy is seen as a zero-sum game. This is because whatever powers a traditional Authority wrenches from the state is considered as a loss for state leadership. Far from being in competition with elected leaders for the public’s regard, traditional leaders and elected leaders are seen by the public as two sides of the same coin. Popular evaluations of both traditional and elected leaders depend on the leader’s leadership skills. An individual’s level of modernization plays a much smaller role in shaping perceptions of traditional authority. There has been the lack of empirical evidence concerning popular perceptions of how traditional leaders support elected leaders in a democratic system of governance. There is the question as to how much space traditional Authorities should be given within the context of modern democratic decentralization in Ghana. This is because since independence Traditional Authorities have lost virtually all the formal governmental, Judicial and other roles they played before, during and after colonial rule. Nevertheless their status and autonomy is guaranteed under the 1992 constitution of Ghana. Yet not all politicians in Ghanaian society see it as legitimate or are prepared to allow it to work. Even where the legitimacy of traditional leaders is not challenged, their mode of selection and the way they carry out their functions often generate deep concerns. Therefore there are no simple solutions to the question of how to define the role of Traditional Authorities in the decentralisation of pow er in the Ghanaian political systems. Individual local context is important. With many modern and highly educated individuals now occupying positions as traditional leaders in Ghana, it should be possible for the national government to work with these traditional leaders for the development of the country. Significance of the Study The study will provide useful information on the modern role of chiefs in community development. Chieftaincy no doubt is one of the most enduring traditional institutions in Ghana, which has displayed remarkable resilience from pre-colonial through colonial to postcolonial times. Nowadays, chiefs are under pressure to achieve good governance in their traditional areas. They are challenged to integrate tradition and modernity, a process about which there is considerable debate. Also the study will help to identify the role of traditional leaders in the decentralisation of power and demonstrate their active participation in the political development of their communities. Finally study will also add to the knowledge base on the role of traditional Authorities in an increasingly globalised world where the accent is on democracy, human rights, health delivery, and human development and discover if Traditional rulers have really outlived their usefulness. Their ability to come to terms with these challenges will provide an indication of their relevance. Purpose of the study/ Objectives The main objective of the study will be to examine the role of Traditional Authorities in the local governance process in the Decentralisation of power. A study of the Akuapem Traditional area of the Eastern region of Ghana. The specific objectives will include the following. To reveal and analyze the political role of traditional leaders in the decentralisation of Power in democratic Ghana to achieve good governance. To discover the extent of which elected or appointed governments officials allow themselves to be closely linked with the traditional leaders in the political development of the community. To find out the involvement and recognition of traditional Authority in the political process of Ghana’s young democracy in the local area. To discover the relevance of the role of Traditional authorities in the decentralisation of power and how the government can support them without pushing them to oblivion. Access and make recommendations on how Traditional Authority can be incorporated into the formal local government system Research Questions The following research questions will inform the study. What are the roles of traditional Authorities in the decentralisation of power in attaining good governance and political stability? To what extent do elected or appointed governments officials allow themselves to be closely linked with the traditional leaders in the political development of the community. How relevant is the role of traditional Authorities in the decentralisation of power. What kind of institutional framework will help to promote the integration of Traditional Authority into the formal district assembly structure? REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE Introduction This chapter examines theories, perspectives, conceptions and models on development, endogenous development, good governance, traditional authorities and local governance. It ends with a discussion of the synergy model of traditional authorities and formal government that will be suitable for the study. Relevant literature will be reviewed. Decentralization is defined as â€Å"any act in which a central government formally cedes powers to actors and institutions at lower levels in a political-administrative and territorial hierarchy† (Ribot 2001: v., citing Mawhood 1983 and Smith 1985). Three main types of decentralisation are commonly identified: †¢ administrative decentralisation or deconcentration i.e. the re-location of branches of the central state to local areas, entailing a transfer of powers to locally-based officials who remain part of, and upwardly accountable to, central government ministries and agencies; †¢ Fiscal decentralisation i.e. the transfer of fiscal resources and revenue-generating powers, inclusive of authority over budgets and financial decisions, to either deconcentrated officials and/or central government appointees or to elected politicians;1 †¢ Political decentralisation or democratic decentralisation or devolution (of power) i.e. the transfer of powers and resources to sub-national authorities which are â€Å"(a) largely or wholly independent of the central government and (b) democratically elected† (Manor 1995: 81-2).2 METHODOLOGY This section will discuss the research design and the methods that will be adopted for collecting and analyzing data. It will also deal with the research design, validation and reliability instrumentation, population, sample and sampling procedures or techniques to be used for the research. Research Design For the approach of the study, a case study will be used as the research design type. According to Babbie (2007:298) a case study is â€Å"the in-depth examination of a single instance of some social phenomenon, such as a village, a family, or juvenile gang†. Also in Wisker (2008:210), Robson (1993:52) opines that a case study is â€Å"a strategy for doing research that involves empirical investigation of a particular contemporary phenomenon in its real life context using multiple sources of evidence†. From the two definitions, common features that can be identified are that a case study focuses on a single instance or a particular phenomenon and the in-depth and empirical study of such a phenomenon. The study will also employ the use of descriptive, explorative and cross sectional survey as well as the use of multiple sources of evidence to conduct the study. Population The targeted population will be natives and residents in the Akuapem Traditional area. Sample The sample will be made up of 200 people. The target population will be the of heads of households, traditional authorities and local government officials which will be put into groups of three. Five communities will be randomly sampled from the Akuapem Traditional area. Sampling Technique As a qualitative research, it will involve techniques such as the use interviews, administration questionnaires, and focused group discussion. The interviews will be transcribed coded and analyzed. In selecting participants for the study the researcher will make use of purposive sampling technique. Instrumentation In conducting the study, the researcher will employ conversational interviews for the collection of data. This conversational style of interview will be appropriate and effective because the respondents will feel free to share their views. The interview section will help the researcher to elicit information from direct person- to – person encounter. The interview will be structured and unstructured. This will help the researcher to learn enough so as to formulate questions for subsequent interviews (Merian,Page 75). Data Collection Procedure and Method A questionnaire and interview guide will be administered. Largely data that will be collected will be presented and analyzed qualitatively. Thesis Structure/Organization of the study This study will be organized into five chapters. Chapter one will be made up of the introductory overview of the whole study. This will include the background to the study, statement of the problem, objectives of the study, research questions and the relevance of the study. Chapter Two will be the review of relevant literature related to the study as well as the theoretical and conceptual issues. Chapter Three will be the research methodology, which will include the description of the study area, target population, sampling procedures, data collection techniques, data analysis and limitations of the study. Chapter Four will present the results of the study. And finally Chapter five will provide the summary of findings, conclusions and recommendations. RESULTS AND FINDINGS PROBLEMS/OPEN QUESTIONS REFERENCES K.A Busia, The Position of the chief in the Modern Political System of Ashanti. London: Frank Cass Co., 1968),p.,15. Boafo-Arthur, K. (2006) â€Å"Chieftaincy in Ghana: Challenges and Prospects in the 21st Century†, in Irene Odotei and Albert Awedoba (eds.) Chieftaincy in Ghana: Culture, Governance and Development (Accra: Sub-Saharan Publishers), pp. 145-168. Ghana, Republic of (1992) Constitution of the Republic of Ghana, 1992 (Ghana Publishing Corporation: Tema). Ghana, Republic of (1994) Local Government (Urban, Zonal and Town Councils and Units Committees, (Establishment) Instrument, 1994 (Ghana Publishing Corporation: Accra) Owusu, M. (1989) â€Å"Rebellion, Revolution, and Tradition: Reinterpreting Coups in Ghana†, Comparative Studies in Society and History, Vol. 31, No. 2 (April): 380-392. Otumfuo Osei Tutu II (2002) Cited in Kojo Yankah, Osei Tutu II: Tradition in Modern Times, West Africa 29th April-5th May 2002, p. 11. Ray, D.I. (2003a) â€Å"Chiefs in Their Millenium Sandals: Traditional Authority in Ghana – Relevance, Challenges and Prospects†, In Wisdom Tettey, Korbla Puplampu and Bruce Berman (eds.) Critical Perspectives on Politics and Socio Economic Development in Ghana (Brill: Leiden), Chapter 10.

Thursday, September 19, 2019

The Rocking-Horse Winner by D.H. Lawrence Essay -- Rocking Horse Winne

The Rocking-Horse Winner by D.H. Lawrence   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Rocking-Horse Winner is a complex story that is best understood if one examines it through the 5 Elements of Fiction: setting, character, plot, point of view and theme. This story is about a little boy named Paul who is trying to gain love and affection from his greedy mother. One day he told his mother that he had luck and he knew his mother did not believe him. This compelled him to go out and find luck on his own. He set off on his rocking horse on a journey to find luck. When Paul would come back from his journeys the horse would tell him who the winners of the horse races would be. By this he won money and thought if he gave a large amount to his mother that she could finally be happy and would love him. Until one day he went crazy on his rocking horse, screaming ?Malabar!? He had fallen off, hitting his head and was knocked unconscious. Later in the night he had died, never meeting his needs for love from his mother. Through the 5 elements of Fiction the reader is able to better understand the story The Rocking-Horse Winner.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  There are 5 Elements of Fiction in The Rocking-Horse Winner. The setting starts off with the mother, who is described as beautiful but shown as having no luck. She has a very handsome husband and 3 beautiful children, a boy and 2 girls. They live in a pleasant home, with a garden and discreet servants. They live in style with little income and felt superior to anyone in their neighborh...

Wednesday, September 18, 2019

Changes in Class and the Labor Force within Society :: History Marx Communism Essays

Changes in Class and the Labor Force within Society Introduction: Though the Industrial Revolution changed the course of modern history, the consequences that accompanied it divided society. The radical change in the division of class and labor within society because of industrialization disgusted many who witnessed it, including Karl Marx. Their contempt for the new composition of class and labor led to intellectuals proposing improvements and reversing changes, through their writings to the masses, introduced by the Industrial Revolution. The Communist Manifesto and writings by Karl Marx and Frederick Engels are specific in their views on the class and labor structure in Europe and abroad. Class Structure Marx saw three classes emerge from Capitalist industrial society: labor power, ones who possessed the means of production, and those who owned the land. Their incomes consisting of wages, profit from industry, and rent collected from their land. Industry created by the Bourgeois revitalized society into two separate classes, the bourgeois and the proletariat. Communism offered the opposite, no division of labor or class. Marx believed that by eliminating personal gain from society, the class structure of Capitalism would be broken. Marx proposed the individual would receive from the greater society an equal amount of the shared commodities in comparison to his production of work benefiting the whole. There is an exchange of equal values. Each person receives equal share in the possessions of the whole for equal work. The bourgeois dissolves as personal profit is eliminated. Thus, granting rule over society to the proletariat. Class disappears because everyone is the sam e. Everyone is a worker. Free economic markets separates the means of production and the labor force. The result is the formation of an economically ruling class. The ruling class finds that labor equals only the means of production. Thus, the bourgeois pays the workers only the amount needed to sustain life. The proletariat is reduced to a life whose sole purpose is to find work. They only find work if their labor increases capital. Communism's Answer to Class Structure Communism offered the opposite, no division of labor or class. Marx believed that by eliminating personal gain from society, the class structure of Capitalism would be broken. Marx proposed the individual would receive from the greater society an equal amount of the shared commodities in comparison to his production of work benefiting the whole.

Tuesday, September 17, 2019

Essay --

â€Å"Life puts obstacles in one’s way for a reason, so you can’t give up when there comes one you can’t fight through.† This quote was once said by a great grandpa to his granddaughter. The main point of the quote is that life is full of challenges and one has to find a way to move around it or defeat it. Kaye Gibbons, an outstanding author, suffers from a disorder call bipolarity. Even though the creative, thinking outside the box, and intelligent author fought through many obstacles throughout her life she still managed to never give up, accomplish her goals, and make the best out of her disorder. Childhood is described as the early stage of existence of something. Bertha Kaye Batt Gibbons was born on May 5, 1960, she lived in an old broken down home that lacked heat and electricity (Snodgrass p35). Kaye was born in Nash County in North Carolina. She was the youngest child of her family; however, she was mainly raised by her grandmother, Martha. Kaye was raised by her grandmother because in March 1970, her mother committed suicide by an overdose of pulse suppressing drug digitals (Snodgrass.p35). Her father was not much better than her mother, because he was a self-beating alcoholic. Kaye’s mother killed herself soon after she found out she was suffering from cyclical bipolarity, which is a manic depression (Snodgrass p35). When Kaye was eight she got put into a foster home because her grandmother was extremely ill and the doctors did not think she was going to make it. A woman named Mary Lee, became Kaye’s selected mother (Snodgrass p35). At the age of twelve Kaye was working in tobacco fields and attending the Childrens Bible Mission Camp at Falls of the Neuse River (Snodgrass p35). Kaye was never one to put herself out ther... ... and make the best out of her disorder. Kaye Gibbons, the woman she had become throughout her childhood years, her struggling adulthood, and now, she had wrote amazing novels even when she was bipolar. In this research, one has learned a million facts about Kaye Gibbons. One learned that it is never too late to keep fighting to accomplish your goals and to make miracles happen. Kaye lived a rough life; however, she managed to pick out positives of her disorder. Even though, she went down hill with the painkillers she was prescribed, and prescribed herself, she put them to the side and lived her bipolar eating life the way she should even if there was an obstacle in her way she still goes around it and fought through it because she knew what the right thing to do was. Til this day, Kaye Gibbons is still writing outstanding novels and putting herself out there.

Monday, September 16, 2019

Jet Blue Essay

(1) Jet Blue should have communicated in a more effective and efficient manner so as to restore and enhance its image. This practice involves making public appearances and using the media as a tool in conveying their effort to accept their mistakes and take the necessary actions so as this incident may not manifest again. At the same time, top management should ensure to keep its communication lines open and updated for changes so as to bolster and show its commitment towards mending the troubles brought about by the Valentine’s day issue. (2) It may be a feasible strategy to place David Neelman in public television because there are several positive and negative impacts that can be generated in the process. One optimistic view is that Neelman can help restore public confidence on Jet Blue and help legitimize and publicize the efforts that the company can make to prevent the issue from happening again. Another is that it helps appease angry customers by gaining the assurance and accountability of all the groups involved in the matter. On the other hand, one setback revolves around the change in perception of Jet Blue. This in turn can be manifested in how David Neelman will address the public and the issue on hand. (3) Seeing this alarming issue, one important advertising program must revolve on the idea of restoring customer and investor confidence in Jet Blue. At the same time, it must rethink its strategies surrounding treatment of customers and the overall approach of the airline given this scenario. Another way to enhance this initiative is to strengthen effort to inform the public about the efforts of Jet Blue to remain accountable and adaptive to such changes. (4) I feel that if the Customer Bill of Rights be implemented, an information campaign be actively presented to Jet Blue customers. Either this can be incorporated within the company website or employees undergo training to be oriented of this policy changes. In this aspect, I feel that this initiative can be supplemental for the company to regain its customer confidence and standing in the airline industry. At the same time, it can also put airline responsibility and accountability into the next level because it is now focused on customer preference. Seeing this, it can entice more people to patronize Jet Blue and solidify its growth amidst the crisis it faced.

Format for a Business Report Essay

There are few standard rules for writing business reports that dictate what information should come in which section of the report. This format is followed in most of the business report examples, that one may refer to. The most widely used format consists of the following standard sections: Title Section: In a short report, this could be the first page bearing the title of the report, author name and date. The reason of making such a report could also be included in this section, so that the reader can establish an instant connection with the information in subsequent sections. In case of long reports, include the Table of Contents, Terms of References and so on. Summary: As the name suggests, this is the summary of the whole report. Then why include it in the beginning of the report itself? It is because this is the section that most of the senior personnel, who do not have enough time to go through the whole report, will read through. Hence, give a very clear and precise information about the problem/aspect of business that the report is analyzing. Also, include the main points, conclusions, recommendations and important results. Although, this section contains a lot of information, ensure that it is a small one. Treat the summary as a separate report and use bullets and numbered lists to highlight important points. Methodology: List the methodologies used in your research, like if you interviewed focus groups or consulted research firms. Also, give the reason why you resorted to using a particular methodology. Introduction: This is the first part of a proper report. Use this section to provide the background of the report. Highlight the reasons why the report is important for the readers. Include information about what is covered in the main body and the order in which the details are covered in the report. In case, the Terms of Reference has not been mentioned in the Title Section, Introduction is the section to include it. Main Body: This is the heart of the report. Arrange all the information in order of priority, so that this section follows a logical sequence. Divide this section further into subsections. Lend greater order to the Main Body using sub-titles within each subsection. A paragraph about the relevance of the findings of the report can also be included in this section. Data Tabulation: Another important factor when writing format of business report is data tabulation. Presenting your data in lists or tables can help in readily understanding the report. Also, data tabulation or listing, makes the report look professional and neat. So, accompany necessary lists or tables in your report whenever required. Make sure you use neutral colors to make tables and keep the list and tables looking neat and crisp. Conclusion: Present logical conclusions for the topic investigated in the report. One can also suggest an option for the way forward. In case, discussion has not been included in the Main Body, include it in the conclusion. Otherwise keep this section small. Recommendations: Since you have worked on the report, no one would have a better understanding of the topic than you. There may be a few solutions or actions that you think would be effective in dealing with the problem, investigated in the report. Include those solutions in this section. List them in bullets and numbered lists for easier comprehension. Appendix: Although very few people read the Appendix, the information in this section gives support to the arguments used in the report. It is the Appendix where the author includes all the sources and research information, in detail. Although it is not about creative writing, good writing skills are important in business information reports, as one needs to give comprehensive information using precise words. It is advisable to keep the language simple and lucid in a business report, specially in the Summary and the Recommendations, as these are the sections most commonly read by senior level managers. However, some technical jargon can be used in the Main Body, as this is the section that is mostly read by experts. In the world of business, time is money. Following a standard business report format is what senior level managers and busy businessmen look for, as it reflects what they value the most, that is effective utilization of time. You can find many such examples online and use them as a reference for designing a suitable report format.

Sunday, September 15, 2019

Kingshaw’s Misery in I’m the King of the Castle Essay

Throughout the novel I’m the King of the Castle by Susan Hill, we are constantly aware of the misery felt by twelve-year-old Charles Kingshaw. This, and the way it is shown, is very important in really understanding his character, and what eventually leads him to his own death. Charles Kingshaw has a series of irrational fears. Although this is normal for most children, his fears are so crippling that they go far beyond the typical childish nightmare. An example of one of these fears is swimming pools. Early on in the book, Kingshaw recalls being taken to an open-air swimming pool by his father as a much younger child. He remembers how he had feared the water, not only because he couldn’t swim, but also because of its â€Å"glassy, artificial blueness† and how â€Å"people’s limbs looked huge and pale and swollen underneath.† He also fears the â€Å"terrible† moths in the Red Room at Warings, and is afraid of touching their â€Å"furry bodies†. Another fear he has is of crows. Even before he is attacked by the crow in the cornfield outside Warings, Kingshaw notes that it has â€Å"ragged black wings† and â€Å"small, glinting eyes†. He has to tell himself that it is â€Å"stupid to be scared of a rotten bird†. Later on, when Hooper puts the stuffed crow on his bed, he is â€Å"faint with fear† and wishes for his own death – even though he knows immediately that it is not real. This is just one example of the way Hooper exploits Kingshaw’s fears during the novel. When he brings Kingshaw to the Red Room to show him the moths, it seems he just wants to show off. But he immediately recognises that Kingshaw is afraid when, upon seeing the moths, when he â€Å"sharply† draws his breath. Hooper mocks him and orders him to touch one, and Kingshaw’s instinct is to fight as hard as he can – anything to avoid having to feel them. Hooper watches him and sees this, and runs out of the room, locking the door behind him. Later on, Hooper locks Kingshaw in the dark shed, leaving him to fantasize about murderers lurking in the shadows. Kingshaw thinks of Hooper as â€Å"clever† and â€Å"cunning† and thinks he will never be able to escape his endless persecution. He is â€Å"unbalanced† by the open hostility Hooper treats him with, and doesn’t know how to beat him. However, it would be possible for Kingshaw to beat Hooper. Physically, he is taller and is strong enough to give Hooper a bruise when they have their only fistfight, on their very first meeting, and bites him hard enough to make him withdraw when Hooper tries to intimidate Kingshaw on the stairs. Kingshaw would also have the capacity to beat Hooper in his mind games, if he only knew it; Hooper finds Kingshaw â€Å"frustrating†, and is â€Å"at a loss† to get past his â€Å"dull, steady stare†. His insults are very childish (â€Å"stupid head†; â€Å"scaredy-baby†), and Kingshaw even recognises that Hooper is â€Å"not very used to being a bully†. Yet Kingshaw is too and fatalistic, to see his own potential. Kingshaw’s fatalism is important in understanding his misery. His description of himself is very telling of his outlook on life: â€Å"He had no good opinion of his own chances, against Hooper. Or against anyone. He was not cowardly. Just realistic, hopeless. He did not give into people, just went, from the beginning, with the assurance that he would be beaten. It meant that there was no surprise, and no disappointment, about anything†. At many points in the novel, Kingshaw has moments of genuine happiness, in which he feels untouchable and in control. This is reflected in the title of the book itself, and in a later chapter in the book in which he actually climbs to the top of an ancient ruin of a castle. However, this euphoria never lasts, and he falls from his â€Å"castle† every time- all because of his own refusal to fight against what he feels is inevitability; Hooper will always beat him, he will never win. We see these moments of happiness and his sudden snap back to reality multiple times: when he discovers his secret room in Warings and Hooper finds it, so he decided to just let him in; when he ventures on his own into the woods and Hooper follows him; when he climbs up onto the tractor in the cornfield, feeling on top of the world, and gets stuck when dismounting it so he fears it will roll back an crush him. In the chapter in which he fearlessly climbs the castle whilst Hooper begs for help on a wall below him, Kingshaw feels that surge of power again: â€Å"I am the King†¦I could kill him.† But Kingshaw knows that he will not, knowing that â€Å"any power he acquired would only be temporary†. So he tries to help Hooper, and we, as readers, feel frustrated with his helplessness. Kingshaw’s mother does nothing to save her son from Hooper, or from his own fear. In fact, she contributes to his misery by determinedly trying to satisfy her own needs for money and companionship, and ignoring Kingshaw’s declarations of his hate for Hooper along the way. She asks him to â€Å"tell Mummy† if he is upset about anything, but when he tells her how much he dislikes Hooper she tells him it is â€Å"wicked† to say such things. Kingshaw is deeply ashamed of his mother, of her airs and pretences and the fact that she behaves â€Å"altogether without pride†. He knows he â€Å"ought to care about†¦his mother† but doesn’t. This is quite disturbing for a child to say, but it is understandable, as â€Å"she had never known anything about him†. This is proved by her remark to Mr Hooper about how â€Å"Charles is settling down so happily† at Warings. Charles is disgusted but is in no way surprised at her complete l ack of understanding. Susan Hill is very particular in the way she uses language to show Charles Kingshaw’s misery. The book is in third person narrative, mostly told from Kingshaw’s point of view, and often uses slightly naà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ve, childish language: â€Å"He felt absolutely alone, there might be no other person in the whole world.† There is also some informal language which pulls the reader into this child’s world, and endears us to him. An example of this is his thought that, â€Å"It always took longer than you expected, walking.† This makes us feel Kingshaw’s misery more during his moments of extreme terror. During these times the sentences get longer, punctuated by a series of commas, indicating a panicked, frantic train of thought: â€Å"He sweated a little, twisting this way and that, and reaching his left arm round behind him, to try and unhitch the string.† This clearly shows us his raw, desperate fear. Rather than using lots of emotive, descriptive narration, which could detract focus from Kingshaw’s character, the writer has us experience I’m the King of the Castle through Charles Kingshaw’s feelings, experiences and memories. This is very effective as it lets us become more and more involved in Kingshaw’s character; our attachment to him builds up into a climax throughout the novel until he ultimately commits suicide. When this happens our hopes fall as Kingshaw did so many times before and does now, one final time.

Saturday, September 14, 2019

Fast Food and Healthy Food

Life today is not like how it was before. Along time ago, people ate foods that were field with balanced amount of nutrients value. Not with chemicals, preservatives, artificial colors and flavors which are known as Fast Foods. Long days of working and training effects our choices for food, a meal from nearest fast food restaurant becomes most appealing idea. Most of people who eat junk food more frequent don't know its bad effect on their body which can be prevented if they use more healthy alternatives . Although, we consume both of them as food, yet they are majorly different. Fast food remains extremely popular, despite their unhealthy impact to our body. However, there are many reasons to try to make healthier choices. Eating junk food as a primary method of nourishment will lead to diseases and illness because your body is being deprived from its needed nutrias. While, by eating healthy you are strengthening your body and giving it proper nutrients to defend it in a time of illness . While, Obesity, diabetic, Hypertension, cancer and other chronic diseases are highly related to fast food. It has more calories on average meal than healthy food do, leading to greater weight gain and illnesses. It is important to watch carefully what you eat, especially at fast food restaurant. Knowing the nutritional content is very important. Beware of the processed and fast foods that have long ingredient list you can hardly pronounce Junk foods are loaded with lots of sugar, salt and worst types of fat . Healthy foods such as fruits, vegetables, whole grain, lean meat and fish provides a balanced amount of nutrients . They are by definition nutrient-rich, with vitamins, Minerals and fiber that benefit your body. If you are trying your best to be healthy it is essential to find food that will treat your body well . Healthy food helps you focused and make you more productive. It provide not only energy source for your body , but also makes your body performs in its optimum . Because, junk foods are heavily full with fat they slow down your metabolism and make you lazy . it will leave you tired and do not supply your body with proper nutrient needed to function adequate . Thus, the next time you think about burger, pizza or chips just think about the harm they can do to your body over a period of time. Do not give in temptation instead eat fruits and vegetable, nourish your body with vitamins and fiber. Remember if you eat well you will feel and look well.

Friday, September 13, 2019

Analyse the Strategic position of IMAX Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Analyse the Strategic position of IMAX - Essay Example This paper aims to analyze the current situation of IMAX and present alternative solutions to their problems. The paper involves Porter’s five forces analysis of the movie production and distribution industry. The second part enumerates and evaluates the corporate strategies of the company which are focused differentiation and growth. It has been examined that the strategies employed by the company were effective in achieving their objectives. It is the recommendation of this paper that the company prepares itself to for acquisition. The company cannot survive on its own in the film industry as they face the issues on debt and sustainability. IMAX is an entertainment technology company that generates revenues from long-term theater system lease and maintenance agreements, film production and distribution, and theater operations. It is involved the different processes of large-format film business. The company has a movie library of 226 films that were either produced by IMAX or other independent filmmakers or studios. The company has generated total revenues close to $116 million by 2007. At the end of 2008, the market capitalization is $125 million with 295 theaters showing IMAX movies in 40 countries. (IMAX Corp, 2008) An industry analysis is completed in Section 2.1 where Porter’s five forces were employed. The analysis covers competition between industry rivals in the Motion Picture and Video Distribution market segment where IMAX generates its revenues and profit. The threat of new entrants is also scrutinized for the industry. Furthermore, the bargaining powers of suppliers as well as consumers are studied with regards to its effect on the company. The threats of substitutes are investigated which are considered as alternative and indirect competition of the business. Section 2.2 attempts an internal and external analysis of IMAX which is patterned on the SWOT analysis. The growth and success of the movie industry is the

Thursday, September 12, 2019

Western civilization Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 7

Western civilization - Essay Example This paper seeks to explore the shifts in concepts and ideologies that occurred leading to western civilization. Renaissance illustrates a period of cultural movement and its spread to the rest of Europe whereas Italy is considered the birthplace of the Renaissance, which saw the outlook and institutions of the middle ages merge. Therefore, during this period radical change would be experienced at all levels of the society, giving rise to the European civilization, which later transformed to the modern western civilization. The central government within the political organization grew stronger in the wake of the rebirth but at the expense of feudalism. Feudalism was an arrangement in which persons regarded as nobles exercised public power, formerly held by kings since the existing monarchs could not guarantee the safety of their subjects. The notion that those regarded as the wellborn can influence policies and rule over others behind closed doors is still among the western civilization where stakeholders are involved in the decision-making process. Commercial and industrial activities expanded significantly, which introduced new and more efficient products to the society. As a result, capitalism in most city-states replaced most primitive forms of economic organization (Perry et al 293). This is a defining characteristic of the modern western civilization whose commercial activities are based on capitalism. The adoption of capitalism by the earlier civilizations enhanced pre-existing social inequalities, which for instance widened the gap between the rich and poor. At the height of the booming commercial activities, people in the middle-class level of the society increased in number as they amassed wealth, which played a crucial role in the economic and cultural life. In addition, religious reforms were introduced following the fragmentation of unity in

Wednesday, September 11, 2019

British Indirect Rule in Ghana, Kenya and S. Africa Essay

British Indirect Rule in Ghana, Kenya and S. Africa - Essay Example This authoritarian nature of the indirect rule by the British often made chiefs in Africa abuse power in a way that was never possible in a traditional system and there was no innovation or conservation of traditional elements in the indirect rule. Significantly, a "type of indirect governance was found in early toeholds in West Africa, notably Cape Coast Colony in the Gold Coast (now Ghana) These colonies had Legislative Councils with nominated, non-official members who regarded themselves as a loyal opposition, as well as newspapers critical of governmentYet another version of Indirect Rule developed with respect to the loosely organized, so called stateless peoples of Southern Nigeria, Kenya, or Tanganyika, whose political institutions had either remained rudimentary or been destroyed by European military action. Here 'foreigners' or relatively unimportant individuals (such as the warrant chiefs in East Africa) were imported or raised above their former stations." (Louis, Brown, L ow, and Canny 1999 P. 239). These colonies had Legislative Councils with nominated, non-official members who regarded themselves as a loyal opposition, as well as newspapers critical of government†¦Yet another version of Indirect Rule developed with respect to the loosely organized, so called stateless peoples of Southern Nigeria, Kenya, or Tanganyika, whose political institutions had either remained rudimentary or been destroyed by European military action.(Louis, Brown, Low, and Canny 1999 P. 239)...One of the major consequences of the 'indirect rule' by the British in Ghana, Kenya and South Africa was the establishment of traditional rulers in these countries who wanted to conserve culture and tradition. The emphasis on traditional ruler vs. educated elite had an important impact on the nationalization process of these nations. In a profound analysis interrogating the reasons for the failure of African nationalism in the post-independent period, which is a challenging task, the impact of 'indirect rule' of the British on ethnicity and nationalism of the African countries becomes palpable. Significantly, the workings of imperialism in West Africa indisputably enhanced social cleavages between rural and urban classes, the elite and the masses, and made it difficult to form bonds that would survive the immediate transition to independence. While the manipulation of the communist threat turned aside the just grievances of the masses, cultivation of the moderate, bourgeois elite secured a constant base for Western financial interests. "The manipulation of ethnicity and 'tradition' under colonial rule also had important consequences. As the masses had been excluded from modernity under indirect rule, the nationalist intelligentsia appeared to ethnic as well as pan-African consciousness in building nationalist movements. The attraction of ethnic identity was that it cut across class lines and prioritized culture and 'traditional values' in a time of change. E thnicityis dynamic, not static, and thus may also be viewed as 'another form of popular consciousness' which emerged with the political struggles against colonialism." (Bush, 1999, P. 125-6). However, according to the progressive imperialists, such 'ethnic consciousness' or

Tuesday, September 10, 2019

The Mexican-American War (1846-1848) Research Paper

The Mexican-American War (1846-1848) - Research Paper Example The Mexican-American war was declared by America on May 13, 1846. The war was generated by the United States’ annexation of Texas whose border was a matter of dispute between the two nations. By the time the war ended on February 2, 1848, the United states owned 500,000 square miles of Mexican territory . From the start, the subject of acquiring land being the main motive behind the war was a cause of dispute among many political parties of the United States and this caused political divisions in the nation. The Democratic Party members strongly supported the war as they were in favour of rapid territorial expansion beyond the borders of America. The northern parties did not favour such rapid expansion and they strongly opposed the war. These parties were concerned over how much Texan land to acquire because slavery was in practice in southern Mexico and this portion of the land was inhabited by a large number of Mexican population. The Whigs political party opposed the war be cause they were against such agenda of acquisition of more land; they favored slow territorial expansion and wanted to limit the encouragement of the practice of slavery. They also did not favor Mexicans as part of the United States population. Berhardt in his article focused on the press coverage of such difference of opinions among the political parties and how they shaped the war. J.G. Bennett’s New York Herald supported the views of the Southern Democrats of capturing the entire land of Mexico as it would raise the practice of slavery

Monday, September 9, 2019

Alcohol Addicted Employees Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Alcohol Addicted Employees - Research Paper Example Employers need to take actions to deter alcohol consumption by employees ethically. Businesses should punish alcohol addict employees and treat them to the best of their capacity. Should the businesses punish alcohol addict employees and treating them? Alcohol is a very big problem of society in many countries across the world. While it is considered as one of the essentials for celebration, excessive consumption of alcohol leads to alcohol addiction. Alcohol addiction makes an individual unsuitable for work. Alcohol addicts experience mood swings and lose control of their mind. Overcome with the effects of alcohol, they say things to others that they do not really mean. They become violent in arguments and have a tendency to abuse people around them both verbally and physically. Owing to its negative sociological, psychological, and physical consequences as well as being a potential threat for businesses, alcohol addiction cannot be tolerated in the workplace, so employers should ta ke all possible measures to deter alcohol consumption among the employees. Businesses should punish alcohol addict employees because alcohol is not appropriate for the regulation of anger. Alcohol addicts lose their minds if they happen to indulge in an argument. While they deal with things on a personal level, unnecessary and out of place argument with a client or a customer is detrimental to the interests of the organization. Businesses should punish alcohol addicts because alcoholism makes an individual untrustworthy. Alcohol addicts follow the drive and mood created after consuming alcohol. For many alcohol addicts, dealing with alcohol and its consequences is a life-long process. Many alcohol addicts cannot help themselves and consume it knowing how bad it is for them at a range of levels. Alcohol addicts cannot be trusted. They can storm out of the office to get alcohol any time without caring about work. Alcohol happens to be the most beloved thing and the top-most priority i n the life of alcohol addicts. Work comes secondary which can be risky for the organization as a whole. Alcohol addicts can leave the whole team in the middle of a problem and back out from playing their role as expected by the rest of the team members. Owing to the display of such behavior, alcohol addicts are not trustworthy or reliable. Businesses should punish alcohol addict employees because this habit of these employees can incur the employers' cost. Depending upon which area the business is located in, employers are responsible for the wellbeing of their employees. Employers are required by the government to pay taxes and insurance premiums for their employees in certain areas. Alcohol addict employees have a tendency to incur the employers unnecessary and avoidable cost. Health insurance premiums for such employees are higher. They are likely to take more days off from work thus compromising upon work and productivity and incurring the employer its cost. Similarly, there are a number of other ways in which alcohol addict employees charge their employers with cost and inconvenience. Punishing alcohol addict employees is part of the way how business entrepreneurs and employers should deal with such employees; treating the alcohol addict employees is the other part. Alcoholism is treatable.  

Sunday, September 8, 2019

Calculation of Values Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Calculation of Values - Essay Example The following data are considered not valid for analysis: results that were reported erroneously (reporting errors) such as data with inappropriate units and "results reported as approximately 10, 100 or 1000 times greater or smaller than the majority of submitted results" (Croucher, 2004); results reported as not detected (n.d.); and results from participants not quoting a percentage recovery. Aside from these non-valid data, each report has the following points to be considered for removal of non-valid data. Results for total fat recorded without any reference to the use of an acid hydrolysis step; and nitrogen results that appeared to be for protein i.e. results approximately a factor of 6 greater than the majority of results (Knaggs, 2004a). Results reported as 0 ug/kg; results from participants not quoting a percentage recovery or stating na, EXCEPT for total AF, where participants submitted results that were the sum of their recovery corrected individual aflatoxins (Walker, 2005). Participants reporting not detected and subsequently assigned a result of 0g/kg; results from participants whose recovery is outside the range 70-110%; and results below the stated LOQ including results with no LOQ stated (Leach, 2005). The value of p estimates the limits ... t of 0g/kg; results from participants whose recovery is outside the range 70-110%; and results below the stated LOQ including results with no LOQ stated (Leach, 2005). ii) Minimizing the influence of outliers by the use of a robust statistical procedure to derive the mean iii) Normality (Kolmogorov - Smirnov test), or otherwise, of the distribution of the results is considered. iv) Assessment of the standard uncertainty () of the robust mean = /n, = the standard deviation of the robust mean n = the number of data points used to calculate the robust mean B. Target Standard Deviation for the Round The value of p estimates the limits of a satisfactory performance in a FAPAS proficiency test (FAPAS, 2002). In cases where the value of p does not reflect best practice for the analyses in question, the predictive models of the appropriate form of the Horwitz equation are valuable indicators of the best practice. This equation predicts a standard deviation from a given concentration (c) and requires c to be expressed as a dimensionless mass ratio (1ppm = 10-6 or % = 10-2) i) For analyte concentrations= (0.22c) / mr ii) For analyte concentrations 120 ppb and 13.8% = (0.2c0.8495) / mr iii) For analyte concentrations > 13.8 % = (0.01c0.5) / mr where, c = concentration (assigned value), expressed as a dimensionless mass ratio mr = dimensionless mass ratio. In all reports, the was calculated according to the equations above. In report 0141 however only the value of for the ash was estimated in this manner. The value of for moisture, total fat, nitrogen and hydroxyproline was derived from collaborative trial data assuming a linear relationship : = (RSDR / 100)c where, RSDR = Relative

Saturday, September 7, 2019

Samsung Galaxy vs. Apple iphone (Actual Termpaper) Essay

Samsung Galaxy vs. Apple iphone (Actual Termpaper) - Essay Example Additionally, the devise solutions section is divided into either semiconductor or LCD division. The company has grown significantly both in profitability and innovations with new products being released year in year out. As it celebrated its 40 years of operations in 2009, Samsung Electronics was ranked first among worldwide IT companies; a fete that the company had not achieved previously.3 In 2010 Fortune 500 ranking, Samsung was placed twenty second and this was a rise with ten places and became the ever best placed Korean Company. Samsung Galaxy phone is among the most recent product released by Samsung Electronics as it continues to offer its customers products that are update with changes in technology. The first Samsung Galaxy phone in the series was released in June 2009. On the other hand, Apple iPhone is produced by Apple formed in 1976 by Steven Wozniak and Steven Jobs. For a long time during its existence, Apple concentrated in manufacture of computer although in the pas t decade Apple stopped specializing in computers alone positioning it to compete with other players in the industry.4 For instance in 2001, Apple produced iPod and since then the company has become a major producer of music players. In 2007, Apple Company entered into the mobile phone sector with release of its Apple iPhone. Apple operates under the philosophy of â€Å"comprehensive aesthetic design† and uses unique advertising campaigns and this has enabled the company establish a strong reputation in electronics industry and retain a strong consumer base.5 This report compares and contrasts management strategies used by Samsung and Apple Inc to distribute their smart phones in an international market. Samsung Galaxy and Apple iPhone In July 2009, Samsung Electronics released its first smart phone; Samsung Galaxy, model i7500. Samsung Galaxy is a series of different models of phones manufactured to run on Android operating system (OS).6 The fact that these phones are develop ed to operate on Android OS allows them to run different applications giving users different functionality. The move to manufacture Galaxy phones were changes in technology and availability of Android which is an open source OS, that is, it can be accessed freely from the internet. Additionally, Samsung wanted to offer to its consumers a product which can run an array of applications. By using Samsung Galaxy phones, users are able to download materials using high internet downloading capabilities, can access libraries from their phones and a large internal storage space.7 Samsung Galaxy also offers customers high quality music and pictures given that they run various music players. Samsung Galaxy phones have a relative small dimension that therefore a user can carry it a round comfortably in the pocket.8 Following the release of the first Galaxy phone, Samsung Electronic has continued in innovating and has been releasing a new model into the series. For instance, in November 2009, i 5700 was released and this was followed by the introduction of Samsung Galaxy S (i9000) in June 2010.9 Samsung Galaxy S III (GT-i9300) is latest Galaxy phone to be released into the market in May 2012. Galaxy phone are categorized in different classes defined by letters S, R, W, M and Y. Galaxy phones in the S and R